A Brief History of the Age of Exploration

The era known as the Age of Exploration, sometimes called the Age of Discovery, officially began in the early 15th century and lasted through the 17th century. The period is characterized as a time when Europeans began exploring the world by sea in search of new trading routes,  wealth, and knowledge. The impact of the Age of Exploration would permanently alter the world and transform geography into the modern science it is today. Impact of the Age of Exploration Explorers learned more about areas such as Africa and the Americas and brought that knowledge back to Europe.Massive wealth accrued to European colonizers due to trade in goods, spices, and precious metals.Methods of navigation and mapping improved, switching from traditional portolan charts to the worlds first nautical maps.New food, plants, and animals were exchanged between the colonies and Europe.Indigenous people were decimated by Europeans, from a combined impact of disease, overwork, and massacres.The work force needed to support the massive plantations in the New World, led to a 300 year slave trade that had an enormous impact on Africa.The impact persists to this day, with many of the worlds former colonies still considered the developing world, while colonizers are the First World countries, holding a majority of the worlds wealth and annual income. The Birth of the Age of Exploration Many nations were looking for goods such as silver and gold, but one of the biggest reasons for exploration was the desire to find a new route for the spice and silk trades. The capture and sacking of Constantinople by Turkish troops under Mohammed II, 29th May 1453. The Turkish victory marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottomans. Hulton Archive/Getty Images  Ã‚   When the Ottoman Empire took control of Constantinople in 1453, it blocked European access to the area, severely limiting trade. In addition, it also blocked access to North Africa and the Red Sea, two very important trade routes to the Far East. The first of the journeys associated with the Age of Discovery were conducted by the Portuguese. Although the Portuguese, Spanish, Italians, and others had been plying the Mediterranean for generations, most sailors kept well within sight of land or traveled known routes between ports.  Prince Henry the Navigator  changed that, encouraging explorers to sail beyond the mapped routes and discover new trade routes to West Africa. Portuguese explorers discovered the Madeira Islands in 1419 and the Azores in 1427. Over the coming decades, they would push farther south along the African coast, reaching the coast of present-day Senegal by the 1440s and the Cape of Good Hope by 1490. Less than a decade later, in 1498, Vasco da Gama would follow this route all the way to India. The Discovery of the New World Illustration titled Embarkation and Departure of Columbus from the Port of Palos, On His First Voyage of Discovery, On The 3rd of August, 1492. Ricardo Balaca/Bettmann/Getty Images While the Portuguese were opening new sea routes along Africa, the Spanish also dreamed of finding new trade routes to the Far East. Christopher Columbus, an Italian working for the Spanish monarchy, made his first journey in 1492. Instead of reaching India, Columbus found the island of San Salvador in what is known today as the Bahamas. He also explored the island of Hispaniola, home of modern-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Columbus would lead three more voyages to the Caribbean, exploring parts of Cuba and the Central American coast. The Portuguese also reached the New World when explorer Pedro Alvares Cabral explored Brazil, setting off a conflict between Spain and Portugal over the newly claimed lands. As a result, the  Treaty of Tordesillas  officially divided the world in half in 1494. Columbus journeys opened the door for the Spanish conquest of the Americas. During the next century, men such as Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro would decimate the Aztecs of Mexico, the Incas of Peru, and other indigenous peoples of the Americas. By the end of the Age of Exploration, Spain would rule from the Southwestern United States to the southernmost reaches of Chile and Argentina. Opening the Americas Great Britain and France also began seeking new trade routes and lands across the ocean. In 1497, John Cabot, an Italian explorer working for the English, reached what is believed to be the coast of Newfoundland. A number of French and English explorers followed, including Giovanni da Verrazano, who discovered the entrance to the Hudson River in 1524, and Henry Hudson, who mapped the island of Manhattan first in 1609. Henry Hudson, his boat being greeted by Native Americans at the lakeshore. Bettmann/Getty Images   Over the next decades, the French, Dutch, and British would all vie for dominance. England established the first permanent colony in North America at Jamestown, Va., in 1607. Samuel du Champlain founded Quebec City in 1608, and Holland established a trading outpost in present-day New York City in 1624. Other important voyages of exploration during this era included Ferdinand Magellans attempted circumnavigation of the globe, the search for a trade route to Asia through the Northwest Passage, and Captain James Cooks voyages that allowed him to map various areas and travel as far as Alaska. The End of the Era The Age of Exploration ended in the early 17th century after technological advancements and increased knowledge of the world allowed Europeans to travel easily across the globe by sea. The creation of permanent settlements and colonies created a network of communication and trade, therefore ending the need to search for new routes. It is important to note that exploration did not cease entirely at this time. Eastern Australia was not officially claimed for Britain by Capt. James Cook until 1770, while much of the Arctic and Antarctic were not explored until the 19th century. Much of Africa also was unexplored by Westerners until the early 20th centuries. Contributions to Science The Age of Exploration had a significant impact on geography. By traveling to different regions around the globe, explorers were able to learn more about areas such as Africa and the Americas and bring that knowledge back to Europe. Methods of navigation and mapping improved as a result of the travels of people such as Prince Henry the Navigator. Prior to his expeditions, navigators had used traditional portolan charts, which were based on coastlines and ports of call, keeping sailors close to shore. The Spanish and Portuguese explorers who journeyed into the unknown created the worlds first nautical maps, delineating not just the geography of the lands they found but also the seaward routes and ocean currents that led them there. As technology advanced and known territory expanded, maps and mapmaking became more and more sophisticated. These explorations also introduced a whole new world of flora and fauna to Europeans. Corn, now a staple of much of the worlds diet, was unknown to Westerners until the time of the Spanish conquest, as were sweet potatoes and peanuts. Likewise, Europeans had never seen turkeys, llamas, or squirrels before setting foot in the Americas. The Age of Exploration served as a stepping stone for geographic knowledge. It allowed more people to see and study various areas around the world, which increased geographic study, giving us the basis for much of the knowledge we have today. Long-Term Impact The effects of colonization still persist as well, with many of the worlds former colonies still considered the developing world and the colonizers the First World countries, holding a majority of the worlds wealth and receiving a majority of its annual income.

Fast Food Industry By Eric Schlosser - 3535 Words

Estrella Introduction 1. Eric Schlosser chose the topic of fast food industry because he became quite inspired after reading an article about illegal immigrants in a strawberry field and how they a suffered in the process. The article was based on an investigation that was placed on the fields while they worked. It was also based on the immense impact that this industry had on society. Schlosser wanted to as said in his book â€Å"shed light† to the world on how successful hard working industry works. Also the way American industries portray and work in the diligent industry throughout the years . Since the fast food restaurants are known as one of the most active businesses which makes them a perfect example of what he was trying to convey. 2. â€Å"The Jungle’s† effect on both Theodore Roosevelt and the meatpacking industry due to the fact that it was concentrated on the lives of immigrants which was very impactful at the time. Many of which were going through unsanitary conditions as well as health violations . It also portrayed the lack of social help in which no one was doing anything to help those workers. Fast Food Nation hasn t impacted as much because of how enormously Fast Food is a part of the world.As said in the book purchasing fast food has been a part of life that is almost 1st nature to Americans and those who expirience fast food daily , Because of this reforming fast food companies would be extremly difficult to do. 3. The Mcdonalds corporation is one of theShow MoreRelatedFast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pagesto make then at first glance. Eric Schlosser’s book Fast Food Nation delves deep into the intricate workings of the fast food industry to expose mistreatment and cruelty towards workers in the business, just as Upton Sinclair had done in the early 1900’s regarding the meat packing industry. Schlosser is able to bring light to the darkness behind the All-American meal through extensive research and personal confrontations of which he has high regards for. Fast Food Nation is a good literary nonfictionRead MoreSection 1: Typically, we need a well-balanced meal to give us the energy to do day-to-day tasks and700 Words   |  3 Pagestime to cook. People rely on fast food, because it’s quicker and always very convenient for full-time workers or anyone in general who just want a quick meal. Eric Schlosser, author of Fast Food Nation argues that Americans should change their nutritional behaviors. In his book, Schlosser inspects the social and economic penalties of the processes of one specific section of the American food system: the fast food industry. Schlosser details the stages of the fast food production process, like theRead MoreFast Food Nation By Eric Schlosser865 Words   |  4 Pagesspent on food to support a family. In the book Fast Food Nation, by Eric Schlosser he talks about how fast food affects American Society. He talks about how much money is spent on fast food, which is $110 billion dollars. Eric Schlosser sa ys that many Americans spend more money on fast food then they do on cars and education. He mentions many food companies such as McDonalds, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut and how it can be â€Å"the world’s largest provider of death care services†.(Schlosser 5) In Fast Food NationRead MoreEssay on Challenging Beliefs in Schlossers Fast Food Nation544 Words   |  3 PagesIn his thought-provoking book, Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser argues that Americas fast food franchises have played a major role in contributing to the obesity and ill health of Americans. This paper shows how Schlosser argues that fast food has contributed to uncontrolled development, negatively impacted American culture, and have had a largely negative impact. The effects of Fast Food Nation on American society and politics show that Schlossers thesis is largely convincing, due to both hisRead MoreEssay An Analysis of Eric Schlossers Fast Food Nation1154 Words   |  5 PagesNew York Times bestseller Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal is one of the most riveting books to come out about fast food restaurants to date (Schlosser, 2004). Fast food consumption has become a way of life for many in the United States as well as many other countries in the world. The author Eric Schlosser an investigative reporter whose impeccable researching and bold interviewing captures the true essence of the immense impact that fast food restaurants are having in AmericaRead MoreAnalysis Of Eric Schlosser s Why The Fries Taste Good 1092 Words   |  5 Pagesand the Chocolate Factory, I had always dreamed of one day visiting the factory. I am sure most children my age would agree with this dream. For Eric Schlosser, this dream became a reality, but it was not exactly the reality he was hoping for. In Eric Schlosser’s article, â€Å"Why the Fries Taste Good,† he talks much about processed food and the flavors of food, especially McDonald’s french fries. He vis ited the International Flavors Fragrances factory (IFF), reminding him much of the factory in WillyRead MoreFast Food Nation1487 Words   |  6 PagesChanging of the Food Industry â€Å"In many respects, the fast food industry embodies the best and worst of American capitalism at the start of the twenty-first century – its constant stream of new products and innovations, its widening gulf between gulf between rich and poor† (Schlosser 6). In 2001 Eric Schlosser published â€Å"Fast Food Nation.† Eric Schlosser’s early 21st century muckraking text, â€Å"Fast Food Nation,† attempts to shed light on the consequences of the fast food industry on American societyRead MoreFast Food Nation Research Paper1442 Words   |  6 Pagesis in your fast food might make you think twice the next time you devour it. As the rise of the fast food nation in America has increased to an all-time high, so has the weight and waists of Americans all around the country. Not only has the United States grown to love the acquired taste of greasy golden fries and juicy burgers, it has also grown ignorant to the way their food is prepared. In the novel, à ¢â‚¬Å"Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal†(2002), by Eric Schlosser, he makes compellingRead MoreFast Food Nation By Eric Schlosser1596 Words   |  7 Pagesby consumerism and big business. Companies selling cheap food and cheap goods are scattered across the nation in every state and town. This is Eric Schlosser’s main topic in his novel Fast Food Nation. From telling the start of the first fast food restaurants in America, to explaining how the food is made, Schlosser s covers the whole history of the world wide food phenomenon. Eric Schlosser is an American journalist and Author of Fast Food Nation. He was born in Manhattan, New York, but grew upRead MoreEric Schlossers Fast Food Nation: Undermining American Values1347 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew F. Smith once said, â€Å"Eating at fast food outlets and other restaurants is simply a manifestation of the commodification of time coupled with the relatively low value many Americans have placed on the food they eat†. In the non-fiction book, â€Å"Fast Food Nation† by Eric Schlosser, the author had first-hand experiences on the aspects of fast food and conveyed that it has changed agriculture that we today did not have noticed. We eat fast food everyday and it has become an addiction that regards

Learning Analysis Free Essays

I wanted to apply for a job maintaining databases; however, the company I was applying for used a different program which I needed to learn before being considered for the application. Although I had no assurance of being hired, I bought the program and the book and resolved to learn the program on my own. Whether I get the job or not, I have learned something new to add to my rà ©sumà ©. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now In my Human Resources Management class, we were taught that the best way to gather information about the prospective applicant is to look at their rà ©sumà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s and that it is often the most used preselection tool. A rà ©sumà © that is complete and presents current information about one’s qualifications and skills will get the most points during selection (Newell Scarborough, 2002). Moreover, it is also important that when a skill or expertise is listed on a rà ©sumà © it is actually verifiable and that one could demonstrate it if needed. This meant that if I really wanted that job, I should be able to master this program or be able to work with it before I submit that application letter. I approached the task with a sense of urgency since the deadline for the application was in a week. I recalled that in the recruitment process, it is important to have a time frame of the recruitment activities as sometimes the need for an applicant to the position is immediate (Newell Scarborough, 2002), since the time frame for the application process was in a week, I figured the company must really be in a hurry to fill the job vacancy. A vacancy in the company can be brought about by external turnovers, where the employee voluntarily leave the company, or an internal turnover, where the employee is promoted to a higher position (Mathis Jackson, 2006). Database administrators usually work alone and it is a very specific job that its job description is basically about how to enter and update information in the company’s database and based on this, I deduced the former employee of the company I was setting my eyes on resigned. Voluntary resignations often occur because of the need for better paying jobs, job dissatisfaction, disagreement with the management and a whole lot more. However, it would be too much of me to think so far ahead about the reasons why the former database administrator left; it’s the case of counting the rotten eggs even before finding the hen. I was in the middle of my thoughts when I realized that I was not yet working on the program. So I proceeded to install the program on my computer and scanned the guidebook to familiarize myself with the icons and the layout of the interface. Setting up the program on my computer was easy; I followed the instructions carefully and installed the software tutor to help me. Then, I had the book of instructions and proceeded to punch out some commands and clicked on the icons on the screen in front of me. Then after 10 minutes, I realized I was not learning anything! I could not make heads or tails about what the program was about really, and it was like a tangle of senseless letters and numbers. Besides, my head was spinning from straining my eyes at the monitor and then looking at the guide book and asking help from the program tutor. In this predicament, I found myself looking back at the human resource management theories that I took up this semester at the university. HR concepts and theories are actually valuable instruments that would help organizations become productive (Ulrich Brockbank, 2005) I remembered that motivating people to learn something new or to have them attend skills training is one of the most difficult tasks that an HR manager have to face. Research had found that employees willingly attend trainings and workshops since it would free them from their daily work routines, however, whether they learn anything from it or not has not been established (Kraiger Ford, 2006). Although, researchers agree that an employee who have positive attitudes towards the training program would likely benefit more from the training while a negative attitude towards the training sessions would mean that the possibility of learning has already been blocked. Designing an effective training program should be based on motivation theories and adult learning. Motivation theories indicate that in order for the individual to accomplish a task, the goal itself should be one that the individual values (Mathis Jackson, 2006). This would mean that the training should be one that is related to the work tasks of the employee and that it could be perceived as an opportunity for growth and development. Training activities should also be designed to provide opportunities for the participants to succeed and feel that they are competent, thus, if the skills training is about making performance evaluation instruments then the participants could be asked to make their own instrument and input can be given in how to make performance evaluations which would either validate the participants skills or teach them new ones. The needs theory of motivation also says that trainings should answer a need; this means that the employee will perceive the training as personally important to him/her if it satisfies a need. The need for growth, for achievement, for competence and for affiliation is answered by training programs. When an employee is required to attend a training workshop, it tells him that the company wants him to become better at his job, that they care about his personal quest for professional growth, and that the company is looking after their employees (Pfeffer   Veiga, 1999). Aside from motivation, a key factor in effective training programs is adult learning theories. The effectiveness of trainings and workshops is measured by the amount of skills transferred from the training to the actual job (Kraiger Aguinis, 2001). However, literature says that training effectiveness in terms of learning transfer has not been adequately studied due to the difficulty of monitoring learning in the workplace. Adult learning theories suggests that adults learn experientially, that is by doing and applying what is being taught (Nkomo, Fottler McAfee, 2005). Thus, if the skills being taught are customer service courtesy, it would be more effective if the skill is taught using role playing techniques and applying it to real life situations than if it was just taught using lectures. Moreover, learning happens in a continuum, one being effective learning and remembering and the other is end is forgetting and decay. Thus, trainings should be given periodically, it should not be a one-shot deal where you would expect that everything is learned and that it should not be repeated (Salas,  Cannon ­Bowers,  Rhodenizer  Ã‚  Bowers, 1999), however it makes no sense to train employees on something that they do not need or one that is not relevant to their jobs. After, this musings and theoretical exercise, I went back to my database program and begun learning it in a different approach. First off, I delegated a time for my learning schedule that is on the same time everyday, then I chose between the guide book or the tutor to help me since using both would be confusing and exhausting. From what I learned on adult learning, the training session should be interactive, one that I can work on and see concrete results or outputs, so settled for the tutor and ditched the guidebook. Second, on my first session, I read the introductory part of the program and had the tutorial run to give an overview of the program, because the HR texts said one must first understand what the training is for and where it could be used to make the person’s job easier or more meaningful. The tutorial was interactive so I got to associate the different commands with its specific functions and I remembered it easily because I could visualize the icon, no wonder programs have icons, it makes the manipulation of the program simpler. After several tutorials I then proceeded to work on the program on my own, I printed the sample exercises and then proceeded to work on the database using the exercises and if I could not make sense of it, I then asked the tutor for help. The best thing about the activities was that it worked on an actual data, although it was fictitious, I had something to work with and could treat them as real. What was gratifying was that every time I was able to complete an exercise and produce the output exactly as it was presented in the training program, I felt I accomplished something and I was sure that I was really learning. At present, I am still on the third chapter but it has been a good run, and that job application seems to be on the positive side since many of those who applied are also not familiar with the program. References Kraiger, K. Ford, J. K. (2006). The expanding role of workplace training: Themes and trends influencing training research and practice.   In L. L. Koppes (Ed.), Historical perspectives in industrial and organizational psychology.   Mahwah, NJ:   Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Kraiger, K. Aguinis, H. (2001). Training effectiveness: Assessing training needs, motivation, and accomplishments.   In M. London (Ed.), How people evaluate others in organizations:   Person perception and interpersonal judgment in I/O psychology. Mathis, R. Jackson, J. (2006). Human resource management 11th   ed. Boston: Thomson/Southwestern. Newell, H. Scarborough, H. (2002). HRM in Context – A Case Study Approach. London: Palgrave. Nkomo, S.,   Fottler, M. McAfee, R. (2005). Applications in human resource management: Cases, Exercises, and Skill Builders 5th   ed. Boston: Thomson/Southwestern. Pfeffer,  J.,  Ã‚  Veiga,  J.F.  Ã‚  (1999).  Ã‚  Putting  people   first  for  organizational  success.   Academy  of Management  Executive,  13,  37 ­48. Salas,  E.,  Cannon ­Bowers,  J.,  Rhodenizer,  L.,  Ã‚  Bowers,  C.  (1999).  Training  in organizations:  Myths,  misconceptions,  and  mistaken  assumptions.  Research  in  Personnel and  Human  Resources  Management,  17, 123 ­161. Ulrich, D. Brockbank, W. (2005). The HR Value Proposition. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. How to cite Learning Analysis, Essay examples

Implikasi Strategis dari Teknologi Baru Essay Example For Students

Implikasi Strategis dari Teknologi Baru Essay IMPLIKASI STRATEGIS DARI TEKNOLOGI BARUSampai saat ini, hanya beberapa perusahaan mulai menyadari kebutuhan akan strategi dan teknologi aliansi, dan masih banyak yang belum mengerti dan menyadari pentingnya strategi ini. Namun perusahaan yang menyadari akan kebutuhan ini, belum sepenuhnya menghargai semua isu yang terlibat. Hal ini disebabkan karena konsep dari teknologi ini masih relatif baru dan belum dikembangkan. Bab ini akan membahas mengenai peran dari manufacturing sebagai fungsi dan teknologi sebagai sumber daya dalam strategi perencanaan proses, keuntungan strategi potensial dari teknologi baru, dan komponen-komponen utama dari strategi teknologi. Apa yang dimaksud dengan Perencanaan Strategis?Pada umumnya, strategi sesuai dengan tujuan dari perusahaan, focus dari produk/pasar, dan daya saing perusahaan. Perencanaan strategis adalah sebuah proses yang berlangsung dimana perusahaan mengembangkan sebuah strategi yang konsisten dengan lingkungannya ( contohnya, industri dan lingkungan kompetitif), sumber daya, nilai managerial, dan organisasi. Hax and Majluf (1984), dan Hamermesh(1987) mengidentifikasikan empat level strategi :Strategi institusional mengarah ke pengembangan dari karakter dasar dan tujuan dari organisasi. Strategi ini dapat disebut juga dengan misi perusahaan. Strategi ini meliputi visi kedepan untuk menjawab pertanyaan seperti : Siapa kita? Kemana arah perusahaan ? Strategi kerjasama ini mengarah pada praktek dari kerjasama. Strategi ini meliputi penentuan bisnis dalam perusahaan yang harus dilepas, bisnis mana yang dapat diperoleh untuk memperkuat organisasi, dan bagaimana bisnis individual akan berinteraksi dalam pembagian sumber daya, focus pasar. Strategi ini mengacu pada pengembangan perencanaan yang jelas dan detail dari tujuan dan objektif unit bisnis individual(pertumbuhan, pangsa pasar, pengenalan produk baru), dan cara apa yang akan digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut (biaya yang rendah, segmen pasar). Strategi ini dikembangkan dengan melihat kemampuan organisasi, dan budaya organisasi dan lingkungan (industri, politik, teknologi) perusahaan. Strategi fungsional (manufaktur dan pemasaran) diformulasikan untuk menjamin bahwa stragi bisnis diimplementasikan dengan suksesa dalam organisasi. Pembahasan pada bab ini akan focus pada unit bisnis dan strategi fungsional dari organisasi, dan hubungan antara keduanya. Perencanaan Strategis dan Pertimbangan ManufakturFungsi utama manufacturing dari organisasi adalah konsentrasi dengan aktivitas internal (proses produksi), dan aktivitas lainnya seperti pemasaran termasuk dalam operasional external (kontak dengan kustomer). Selanjutnya, kemampuan manufacturing (internal) dari organisasi tergantung bagaimana efektivitas fungsi pemasaran(external) dapat memuaskan konsumen. Peran manufacturing dalam proses perencanaan strategi harus mencakup dua tahap umum, yaitu : (1) menetapkan kemampuan manufacturing dan batasannya, dan (2) merumuskan dan mengimplementasikan strategi manufacturing. Manufakturing harus mengadopsi peran strategis (untuk meningkatkan keuntungan kompetitif perusahaan)dan peran pendukung (untuk melayani pasar dan untuk menghasilkan produk yang sesuai) selama setiapa tahap tersebut. Hal ini untuk menjamin bahwa perusahaan tidak kehilangan kesempatan strategis yang bermanfaat dalam manufacturing, dan untuk menjamin bahwa fungsi manufacturing adalah mendukung strategi bisnis perusahaan. Tabel 5.1 ditunjukkan perbandingan antara dua peran dari manufacturing dalam strategi proses formulasi. Tabel 5.1 Peran Manufaktur dalam Proses Perencanaan StrategiMenetapkan Kemampuan Manufakturing dan BatasannyaKemampuan dan batasan dari fasilitas manufacturing perusahaan harus dapat disadari selama strategi proses formulasi. Kemampuan atau kebijakan utama manufacturing merupakan kunci perusahaan untuk bersaing secara lebih efektif. Contoh berikut ini menggambarakan bagaimana keputusan manufacturing yang layak dapat meningkatkan keuntungan kompetitif perusahaan :Dalam lingkaran industri elektronik, perusahaan manufaktur memiliki pesanan dari supplier mereka dalam batas waktu yang pendek. Hawlett-Packard mencoba cara lain. Yaitu dengan membuat komitmen kepada perusahaan untuk mengorder enam bulan mendatang. Perubahan ini memungkinkan supplier silkon dari Hawlet Packard untuk meningkatkan skala ekonomis dan memperbaiki kualitasnya. Dan Hawlet Packard dapat mempercayakan kualitas komponen dan system antar, sehingga Hawlett Packard dapat memberikan pelayanan yang baik bagi kustomer. Manufakturing harus memiliki kemampuan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan dari strategi bisnis yang utama. Keputusan manufakturing meliputi komponen perdagangan (biaya, kualitas, fleksibilitas ) yang membatasi kemampuannya. Contohnya, keputusan untuk mengalokasikan fasilitas perusahaan manufacturing dekat dengan sumber bahan baku bertentangan dengan keputusan alokasi perusahaan dekat dengan konsumen pasar yang mungkin dapat menyulitkan untuk melaksanakan strategi berdasarkan just-in time deliveri. Konflik kadang terjadi antara manufacturing dengan bidang fungsional lainnya seperti pemasaran yang memiliki tujuan yang berbeda. Konflik ini terjadi karena tidak adanya pengertian antara keseluruhan komponen perdagangan dalam keputusan manufacturing. Tabel 5.2 menunjukkan wilayah konflik antara manufacturing dan pemasaran. Penyatuan keputusan manufacturing kedalam proses perencanan strategis dapat mengurangi konflik ini. FORMULASI DAN IMPLEMENTASI STRATEGI MANUFAKTURINGFormulasi dari jawaban strategi manufacturing menjadi topik penelitian selama dua tahun belakangan ini. Penelitian Hayes dan Wheelwright kedalam manajemen strategis dari fungsi manufacturing menghasilkan matriks produk-proses. Matriks ini diperuntukkan bagi manajer untuk menentukan posisioning strategis unit bisnis mereka, dan focus pada satu bagian dari matriks yang menentukan kombinasi proses-produk yang spesifik. Selanjutnya peyediaan proses dan teknologi dapat dilaksanakan. Tabel 5.2 Area Potensial pada Konflik Manufaktur PemasaranTabel 5.3 Matriks Siklus Hidup Produk-Proses The Hayes and WheelwrightSemua system manufacturing harus menghasilkan produk yang spesifik. Strategi manufacturing yang sukses, harus dapat menjamin pelaksanaan manufacturing harus sesuai dengan tujuan dan objektiv dari perusahaan. Dengan kata lain, keputusan seperti pemilihan peralatan dan teknologi harus diambil secara strategis. Dibawah ini adalah daftar keputusan yang harus diambil secara strategis. Keputusan ini diarahkan pada operasionalisasi strategi manufacturing perusahaan :1.Jumlah, ukuran, kapasitas dan lokasi pabrik2.Pemilihan peralatan dan proses teknologi4.Jumlah dan hubungan dengan vendor5.Pilihan untuk membuat atau membeli komponen6.Produk baru yang akan diperkenalkan dan dikembangkan7.Seleksi dan pelatihan sumber daya manusia8.Sistem pengendalian kualitas yang akan digunakan9.Sistem penjadwalan produksi yang akan digunakanPada bahasan selanjutnya kita akan melihat perpektif yang berbeda yang konsern pada peran manufaktruing dalam proses formulasi strategi. Sekarang ini, terdapat dua tingkat dasar dari pemikiran formulasi strategi bisnis. Yang disebut dengan lingkaran convergent dan divergent. Lingkaran Convergent. Pendekatan ini berdasarkan pada ide convensional dimana strategi diatur oleh sturktur organisasi (Chandler(19620. Metoda ini penuh dengan latihan, mengantarkan kepada yang disebut dengan Skinner (1969) manajemen strategis atas-bawah dari fungsi manufacturing. Hayes(1985) menyebut hal ini dengan model ends-ways-means. Yang ditekankan pada kasus ini adalah pertama, perusahaan harus menemukan keuntungan kompetitif, dan kemudian menentukan kapabilitas manufacturing(dan kebutuhan lainnya). Proses ini focus pada strategi produk/pasar. Lingkaran Divergent. Pendekatan ini berdasarkan pada premise baru-baru ini dimana strategi mengikuti struktur (Hall and Saias(1980)). Bagian ini mengungkapkan bahwa kesadaran dari dinamika dan karakteristik organisasi (fleksibilatas dari manufacturing) akan menghasilkan pengembangan dan eksekusi dari beberapa jawaban strategi bisnis. Bidang kerja ini lebih berdasarkan pada fokus proses/manufacturing daripada fokus produk/pasar. The Myiopa dari Pendekatan KonvensionalUntuk lebih jelasnya, pada saat pendekatan ini menjadi formulasi jawaban strategi bisnis yang dikonsilidasikan dengan keuntungan strategis teknologi baru, kedua pendekatan ini tidak ada yang memuaskan. Dari pendekatan convergent dapat mengakibatkan hilangnya kesempatan pasar/produk dimana manufacturing dapat membuka kesempatan perusahaan secara potensial. Selanjutnya, penggabungan teknologi tidak dapat dibenarkan bila pendekatan convergent (produk)dipaksakan, karena banyak keuntungan potensial dari teknologi baru tidak dikenal atau tidak diakui. Pada saat yang bersamaan , pendekatan divergent (proses) mengarahkan perusahaan ke area dimana tidak ada pengetahuan (struktur industri, ancaman kompetitif, dan regulasi pemerintah). Hal ini juga dapat mengexpose perusahaan untuk menambah resiko lingkungan dimana tidak dipersiapkan. Daripada hanya berbasiskan pada fokus produk/pasar atau proses, dalam pendekatan kesetimbangan ini meliputi keduanya. Ini tidak mengikat akuisisi teknologi pada kompetisi perusahaan, tapi juga memperbolehkan eksplorasi kemampuan teknologi baru dalam meningkatkan keuntungan kompetitif perusahaan. Echlin Canada merupakan sebuah produsen besar slack adjuster, perangkat system rem. Selama kurang lebih 20 tahun, perakitan produk ini dilakukan dengan sangat konvensional, dengan cara yang manual. Pada tahun 1984, Echlin memutuskan untuk melengkapi salah satu dari jalur produksinya dengan menggunakan robot. Hal tersebut membuat Echlin memotong harganya dan menjadi salah satu produsen slack adjuster terbesar di du nia. Terlebih lagi, perusahaan mendapatkan keuntungan dengan memperoleh tenologi baru untuk memperluas perintah initial produk pada komponen yang lain, dengan demikian memperkuat posisi terhadap pesaing. Pendekatan yang seimbang terdiri dari proses iterasi yang terdiri dari lima fase :Fase ini merupakan fase untuk memutuskan keuntungan kompetitif perusahaan yang kemudian ditentukan, diantara beberapa hal, dan strategi manufakturnya. Menentukan manakah komponen legal atau komponen pendukung pada strategi bisnis yang ditempatkan. (Misalnya, teknologi manufaktur yang layak telah dicapai). Mengenali dan meneliti kemampuan seutuhnuya dari sumber daya yang ada, Misalnya, potensi untuk memproduksi produk lain dengan menggunakan teknologi yang fleksibel. Mencari peluang baru untuk menerapkan potensi yang dikenali dan mengintegrasikannya dengan strategi bisnis yang ada. Mereview dan menentukan kembali keuntungan kompetitif yang ada untuk melakukan perhitungan untuk masa kini dan potensi masa yang akan datang dari sumber daya yang ada. Fase ini menentukan arah yang tercepat dari perusahaan berdasarkan kemampuan keseluruhan dari sumber daya yang ada. Tabel 5.4 menunjukkan tiga pendekatan dalam memformulasikan sebuah strategi manufaktur. POTENSIAL STRATEGI DARI TEKNOLOGI BARUSkala Ekonomi vs Ruang Lingkup EkonomiPada umumnya beberapa perusahaan menjalankan strategi skala ekonomi yang mempertahankan bahwa jumlah yang besar dari beberapa produk harus diproduksi dengan peralatan khusus (namun tidak fleksibel) untuk meminimasi biaya rata-rata operasi dan mengurangi waktu throughput. Alasan utama dalam menggunakan pendekatan tersebut adalah :Mendapatkan keuntungan dalam dampak kurva belajar. Ketidakfleksibelan dalam teknologi yang ditunjukkan dalam skala ekonomi dapat berbeda jauh dengan konsep ruang lingkup ekonomi. Ruang lingkup ekonomi dapat menyadari dimanakah biaya yang lebih kecil atau sebanding untuk memproduksi dua atau lebih produk dalam suatu rangkaian kombinasi daripada secara terpisah (Goldhar and Jelinek 1983). Keuntungan yang timbul dalam ruang lingkup ekonomi berasal dari membagi biaya tetap dari mesin terhadap berbagai produk. Perusahaan menjalankan strategi ini berdasarkan penggunaan peralatan umum untuk mencapai fleksibilitas yang sesuai untuk memproduksi jumlah yang kecil dari produk tersebut. Tabel 5.4 Kemajuan Pendekatan yang seimbang dalam memformulasikan sebuah Strategi Manufaktur :Pendekatan KonvergenPendekatan DivergenBerbagai spesialisasi yang telah disatukan dalam hardware mesin dapat dicapai melalui kemampuan software. Hal ini dapat membuat mesin fleksibel untuk bekerja dan memiliki performansi yang efisien seperti mesin khusus dengan instruksi yang diubah, menjamin bahwa proses tidak akan terhenti oleh waktu setup yang panjang. Teknologi baru memberikan jalan bagi ruang lingkup dan skala ekonomi yang simultan. Hal ini sering disebut Penyatuan Ekonomi. Penyatuan Ekonomi menahan karakteristik skala dan ruang lingkup yang memiliki fleksibilitas yang tertinggi. Sebagai contoh, penyatuan ekonomi menghasilkan derajad produktivitas yang tinggi, proses, dan fleksibilitas infrastruktur dan kemampuan untuk memproduksi produk (karateristik ruang lingkup ekonomi), sebaik kemampuan untuk memproduksi jumlah yang besar dengan biaya produksi yang rendah (karakteristik skala ekon omi). Secara konseptual, kita mengharapkan agar penyatuan ekonomi akan mendukung perusahaan untuk memelihara pabrik dengan skala menengah. Does The Government Control Our Rights? Essay4.Pengorientasian kembali dari kebijakan perusahaan untuk menghindari situasi yang bisa mendatangkan ancaman atau mencari peluang baru dengan :a.Pendefinisian kembali industri atau objektifitas bisnis perusahaan berdasarkan kompetisi teknologi baru.b.Modifikasi strategi korporasi.c.Modifikasi strategi Pengembangan dan Sumber Daya (R D)5.Memperbaiki pengambilan keputusan secara operasional, dalam hubungannya dengan :a.Portfolio RDb.Proyek seleksi RDc.Sumber daya antara teknologid.Investasi dalam pabrik dan peralatan, termasuk peralatan laboratoriume.Kebijakan RekruitasiSumber : Twiss, in Burgelman and Maidique 1988. P. 60Terdapat dua klasifikasi umum dari metode peramalan teknologi : explorasi dan normative. Peramalan explorasi menyangkut melanjutkan trend masa lalu dan masa sekarang menjadi masa datang. Hal tersebut dapat menjadi sangat berguna dalam merencanakan kemajuan dari inovasi selanjutnya (pengembangan produk / proses). Metode no rmative, biasanya merencanakan kemajuan teknologi yang akan dilibatkan dalam terobosan inovasi (seperti perencanaan pertahanan United States STAR WARS. Beberapa teknik yang spesifik dapat digunakan untuk melakukan peramalan teknologi. Deskripsi teori dari beberapa teknik tersebut disediakan di bawah ini :Peramalan Intuitif. Pendekatan terkaan yang mendidik dapat berbeda-beda dari pernyataan yang naf pada peramalan berdasarkan pada kontak yang luas dengan keahlian sesuai area kerjanya. Explorasi Trend. Penggunaan kurva matematik sesuai dengan proyek setelah trend performansi ke masa datang. Purcursor Trend. Mengidentifikasikan hubungan antara waktu intervensi pertama kali diaplikasikan dan waktu dikomersialisasikan (contohnya, garis trend utnuk kecepatan transportasi pesawat terbang militer menyusul di belakang kecepatan pesawat terbang militer pada periode tertentu dimana melanjutkan dengan lambat sejak 1930 sampai 11 tahu pada tahun 1970) (Twiss 1980). Relevance Trees. Penggunaan pohon keputusan untuk menunjukkan jalur kemungkinan yang dapat diikuti dalam mewujudkan sebuah objektif normative. Skenario. Sebuah metode peramalan yang menganggap bahwa kejadian-kejadian tertentu akan terjadi di masa datang dan secara logic melanjutkan pengembangan yang mungkin yang merupakan hasil dari kejadian tersebut. Peta Teknologi. Menentukan kemajuan besar teknologi yang akan mendorong dan kebutuhan besar pasar yang akan menarik kemajuan pada berbagai teknologi di depan. (Untuk keterangan selanjutnya lihat Betz 1987, pp 96-200). Persetujuan dari kemajuan teknologi mengikuti kuva S sejenis dengan jalur umum pada siklus hidup produk (Twiss 1980). Perbaikan minimal secara inisial dibuat dari beberapa parameter performansi. Kemudian, mengikuti fase pengenalan, perbaikan eksponensial sering dibuat selama waktu yang relatif pendek. Akhirnya, pertumbuhan ini lambat untuk perbaikan performansi minimal sebagai batas wajar sampai performansi dicapai. Tabel 5.10 menggambarkan proses ini. Dipandang dari segi praktek, pengertian dari kurva S dapat memperbaiki proses peramalan teknologi. Tanpa ini, terdapat sebuah kemungkinan yang kuat selain (1) dibawah perhitungan potensial dari teknologi baru pada peramalan yang dibuat selama tahap pertumbuhan inisial yang lambat, atau (2) diatas perhitungan potensi di masa datang dari teknologi baru pada pertumbuhan eksponensial secara cepat dari perbaikan performansi hampir diselesaikan. Pada Fase penentuan ini, manajemen harus memutuskan pada bentuk yang sesuai dari teknologi perusahaan yang harus dilanjutkan. Hal ini merupakan proses yang sulit, dan aspek yang paling penting adalah menjamin bahwa teknologi yang dipilih menyediakan arti penting bagi efektifitas pendukung dari strategi bisnis perusahaan. Proses pemilihan proyek kenaikan General Electric dengan peringkat teknologi pada perusahaan yang tertarik atau membutuhkan. Batas Performansi yang seharusnya untuk Natural Constraint3.Pertumbuhan lambat sebagai performansi yang mendekati batas fisik natural asimtotSumber : Twiss, In Burgelman dan Maldique (1988), p. 68. Leadership teknologi mengacu pada kasus dimana perusahaan mencoba menjadi yang pertama memperkenalkan produk, proses, atau manajemen teknologi. Di sisi lain, follower teknologi merupakan perusahaan yang mengadopsi teknologi yang telah ada atau yang memilih untuk tidak mengadopsi teknologi secara keseluruhan. Keputusan untuk menjadi leadership atau follower tergantung pada isu-isu yang sebelumnya telah dibahas pada bab 4. Porter (1985) mendeskripsikan tiga factor yang harus dipertimbangkan ketika memutuskan apakah akan menerapkan strategi menjadi pemimpin teknologi :Tabel 5.11 Kerangka Evaluasi Kemungkinan Akuisisi Teknologi BaruInventive MeritEmbodiment MeritOperational MeritMarket Merit(+) lebih banyak menggunakan ulang peralatan namun kurangi waktu untuk mengganti peralatan(+)pesanan jual dapat langsung diproses pada manufaktur(+) Lebih mudah untuk menjadualkan jalur produksi, tidak perlu jalur yang seimbang (+) Perluasan pasar, dengan kualitas yang lebih baik dan bervariasi(+)Kemampuan untuk merespon, misalnya meletakkan produk di dekat jalur produksi, perubahan desain (+)Meningkatkan kemampuan peramalan (+)Penghapusan biaya garansi, area pelayanan(-)unit cost sensitive consumers lost(+)shorter runs EOQ of 1(+)Pemesanan otomatis, dan penjadualan yang lebih baik (+)Menghapus pengulangan pekerjaan, dan defects(-)Mungkin teknologi baru tidak akan memproduksi 100% dari jalur produksi dan perlu dilakuk an lebih pemfokusan (+)100% potensial kualitas, inventori yang kecil, mengurangi scrap (+)Kemampuan untuk menjalankan persediaan pada AGVs(-)Berubah pada fokus strategi (-)Efek yang tidak stabil, dibutuhkan untuk memastikan persediaan yang ada(-)Lebih sedikit pemikiran inovatif berdasarkan tekanan kerja yang kecil (-)Pemasaran yang lebih dekat dan hubungan produksi (-)Biaya inisial yang tinggi, misalnya ekonomi teknologi, sumber daya manusia, dsb.(-)Kemungkinan untuk mendesain produk agar sesuai dengan system.(-)Pengepakan yang berbeda dan system distribusi. (-)Perlu dikembangkan keahlian baru, pergantian kerja (-)Ketersediaan software merupakan sebuah masalah(-)Perubahan cara pandang (-)Tidak hanya dilihat dari pendanaan modal (-)Alokasi perubahan overhead Gambar 5.12 menunjukkan variable-variabel utama yang mempengaruhi ketiga factor tersebut. Apakah perusahaan akan sukses dalam mengikuti strategi pemimpin teknologi tergantung pada status variable-variabel tersebut. Sebagai contoh, jika perusahaan memilih untuk mengikuti strategi pemimpin, ia harus berusaha untuk memperoleh perlindungan hak paten untuk teknologi yang dikembangkannya. Tabel 5.12 Kerangka Penentu Kemungkinan Strategi Pemimpin TeknologiVariabel-Variabel Pendukung Leadership Teknologi1.Kemampuan mempertahankan kepemimpinan teknologiVariabel-Variabel Pendukung Leadership Teknologi2.Keunggulan sebagai yang pertama1.Reputasi sebagai perintis atau pemimpin2.Peluang untuk menentukan posisi pasar3.Menentukan harga bagi konsumen4.Memilih saluran akses utama5.Pemilik kurva belajar6.Akses menguntungkan untuk fasilitas, input, dan sumber-sumber lainnya7.Kesempatan untuk menentukan standard teknologi8.Batasan institusi sebagai perlindungan terhadap hak paten9.Kemampuan untuk memperoleh keuntungan temporal yang tinggi dengan menerapkan strategi harga tinggi sampai kompetitor lain muncul 3. Kerugian sebagai yang pertamaVariabel-Variabel Penghalang Leadership Teknologi1.Biaya yang tinggi2.Demand yang tidak pasti3.Perubahan kebutuhan yang menyebabkan berkurangnya manfaat teknologi 4.Ketidakmampuan biaya up-date teknologi5.Kemungkinan murahnya biaya imitasi Teknolog i akuisisi merupakan langkah selanjutnya dari proses pemilihan teknologi. Dua alternatif yang mungkin bagi perusahaan ialah: membuat teknologi sendiri atau membeli dari luar. Perilaku 5.13 menunjukkan alasan-alasan untuk mengembangkan teknologi internal atau memperoleh teknologi dari luar. Alasan-alasan ini dihubungkan dengan keuntungan dan kerugian dari mengikuti strategi teknologi pemimpin. Pada umumnya, perusahaan yang menerapkan strategi leadership teknologi akan mengeluarkan biaya yang lebih untuk R D-nya karena kemampuan perusahaan untuk menghasilkan inovasi tergantung pada jumlah pengeluaran tersebut. Dengan kata lain, strategi leadership didasarkan pada pendekatan proaktif pada R D, sementara strategi followership menerapkan pendekatan reaktif. Hal ini tidak berarti bahwa pemimpin teknologi mengabaikan pembelian teknologi dari luar. Pada kenyataannya, hal ini mungkin penting bagi perusahaan leadership untuk mencari cara lain untuk memperoleh teknologi dalam artian untuk menjaga posisi kepemimpinannya. Sebagai contoh:Dupont diperhitungkan sebagai perusahaan pemimpin teknologi dalam industri kimia. Dari analisa, 25 produk dan proses inovasi utama Dupont berakhir pada periode 1920-1950 yang menunjukkan bahwa lisensi teknologi memberikan kontribusi penting bagi kesukseskan Dupont. Dari 25 inovasi, hanya 10 yang diciptakan oleh staff R D- nya sendiri. (1)Ada sejumlah proyek besar yang potensial dan membutuhkan dana lebih untuk R D(2)Masing-masing proyek kemajuannya sangat cepat, berarti sumber daya R D lebih dibutuhkan untuk tetap mengikuti perkembangan terakhir. Biaya tinggi dari penelitian internal dan pengembangan dihasilkan pada kecenderungan pertumbuhan terhadap perolehan teknologi baru oleh yang lainnya (Chisnall 1985, dan Friar dan Horwitch 1985). Beberapa alternatif metode :1.Kontrak luar penelitian dan pengembangan2.Ambil alih suatu perusahaan dengan inovasi-inovasi3.Lisensi teknologi perusahaan lain4.Melakukan joint venture untuk pengembangan teknologi5.Mengambil posisi wajar dalam sebuah perusahaan pesanan untuk monitor teknologiTabel 5.13 Alasan-Alasan Teknologi Pengembangan Internal atau Akuisisi EksternalPengeluaran : RD internal lebih murah dibandingkan akuisisi eksternalJarak Teknologi : Area RD dekat dengan keahlian koorporasiProses Belajar : Perusahaan mengharapkan untuk mencapai teknologi yang canggihSecrecy : Perusahaan mengharapkan untuk menjaga teknologi yang terpercaya Sindrom Not invented here (NIH): Budaya perusahaan adalah hanya teknologi yang baik yang akan dikembangkan secara internalAkuisisi EksternalMenghindari terjadinya perputaran : Teknologi yang telah dikembangkan menghemat waktu dan dukunganMencapai pertumbuhan yang cepat : Tidak dapat mencapai pertumbuhan tujuan dari pengembangan internalKebutuhan teknologi yang kompleks : Perusahaan tidak memiliki seluruh keahlian untuk mengembangkan portofolio yang diinginkan.Bentuk agresif : Perusahaan memiliki image agresif tersendiri untuk melindungiPengurangan resiko : Perusahaan membiarkan pihak lain untuk mengambil resiko besar sebelum berpartisipasiTantangan Kompetitif : Perlu dipertahankan dengan kompetiter yang memiliki tantangan teknologi baru Menaikkan pengembalian investasi pemasaran : Mencapai teknologi untuk produk yang dapat menunjukkan merk, saluran distribusiTabel 5.14 Matrik Usulan untuk Menentukan Dynamic Mix Teknolo giMonitorBeliSewaKerja samaPengembanganInternalGENERIK MaterialHandlingSystemsXXDASARMachineVisionCNCXXXXXBab ini menjelaskan implikasi strategi dari teknologi baru. Perlu ditekankan bahwa manufaktur dan teknologi harus memiliki proses perencanaan strategi perusahaan dan komponen-komponen utama dari strategi perusahaan. Konsep kunci yang ada dalam bab ini adalah :Keputusan manufaktur dapat membatasi, menguatkan, atau menentukan strategi perusahaan. Jadi, manufaktur harus memainkan peran utama dalam strategi formulasi dan implementasi. Pendekatan seimbang pada formulasi dan implementasi suatu strategi manufaktur akan menjamin perusahaan sehingga tidak kehilangan peluang untuk menyiapkan teknologi yang fleksibel. Selain itu juga akan menjamin perusahaan untuk menghidari ancaman dari lingkungannya. Teknologi dapat meningkatkan kemampuan manufaktur dari organisasi. Jadi, teknologi diciptakan sebagai kepala untuk suatu pendekatan seimbang bagi strategi manufaktur. Peningkatan kemampuan ditawarkan oleh teknologi baru dalam intergrasi potensi ekonomi. Perusahaan-perusahaan yang mencapai integrasi ekonomi dapat mencapai tingkat fleksibilitas yang tinggi (karakteristik dari lingkup ekonomi) dan produktivitas yang tinggi (karakteristik dari skala ekonomi) secara bersamaan. Strategi teknologi perusahaan harus mencakup komponen-komponen utama:1.Perkiraan teknologi perusahaan yang ada2.Perkiraan teknologi lingkungan perusahaan (termasuk teknologi peramalan)3.Menentukan derajat dan jenis fleksibilitas yang dibutuhkan oleh perusahaan4.Memilih teknologi mana yang akan dikejar5.Memutuskan menjadi pemimpin atau pengikut teknologi6.Memutuskan cara untuk memperoleh teknologi yang diharapkanBibliography:

Understanding of Technology and Philosophy

According to George Orwell, there is substantial reason to support the idea of mechanization in pursuit of achievement. The author, Orwell, put the statement trying to express the possibility of a typical a self-driven invention. A pacifist loves peace and embraces the path that avoids violence in all his or her activities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding of Technology and Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Shunning of military approaches to settle issues of the society is the desire of a pacifist. When a peace-loving individual gets an opportunity to work in a firm that deals with the manufacture of bombs, then there are high chances of devising newer versions or types of bombs within a short time (Orwell, p.207). Habitual characteristic of humanity has a design characterized by inventions that allow for advancement geared towards satisfying unending needs. The statement by Henry Adams tha t talks about the steam found in the world not being able to build Chartres represents an argument of flawlessness in the concept of work. There needs to be a reason for having faith in whichever action that an individual undertakes although this is insufficient for realization of goals. This can be applied to for power generation if tapped in the correct way according to standard procedures. This is likened to the possession of power which is relevant for use by those who cannot harness it for meaningful use. The book by Adams tries to relate the Virgin and the Dynamo as presented by Adams, shows how one item can be of considerable importance in one setting while at the same time, a complete irrelevance at other regions (Adams, p. 324). Presence of steam is a normal occurrence, coming in the form of a force which can be beneficial when applied doing work while it is quite useless when allowed to escape into free space. Applying the concepts of mechanics in transformation and redire ction of energy is practical and claimed to be quantifiable. It was not possible to construct any meaningful application of the force while at Chartres as induced by the Virgin, whose value could not achieve substantial gains (Adams, p.324). Adam admits that there was the relevance about true existence of this force, but its application was not practical particularly then. Improvement of status in performance using machinery by man has grown into a culture which is instinctive as opposed to being suppressive for other discoveries.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Performing extra duties with an opportunity for extra improvement due to inventions and innovations are recommended (Orwell, p.207). The first scenario is touching on the principles of communism that are in line with the basics of socialism and Orwell, the writer, describes the situation from a fascism point of view. The conc ept of mechanization is a slow and sure process that is rapidly encrypting into the society by a section of the population. It represents a minority group who opposes the idea of mechanization as a process but instead have a compulsion to live by the guidelines (Orwell, p.208).Civilization brought by the use of machines as a tool in efforts that culminate into modernization and capitalism concept has a driving force as maximization of profit earnings. Using machines as workers for men rather than being servants for machines is the best choice according to independent minds. With extrapolation mechanization, the users who are the humans represent a brain material that is under bondage within a bottle. This imprisonment is virtual in the sense that the mind, which is the governing part of the body, takes over operations in directing the body. It is where the so-called advancement is heading. Avoiding the situation is almost impossible due the nature of large-scale use both under the c onscious and sub conscious mind. The more the advancement in mechanization, the more the modernization in general and this bring about advancement, efficiency and decency in procedures (Orwell, p.293). Those who embrace the values of utopia aim at reducing pain and suffering in life of the practitioners. This results in the alleviation of conditions governing life by reducing steps taken towards industrialization. Introduction of artificial issues that obey guidelines of socialism and by extension, the utopia, transforms humans into robots who are using machines to perform all their chores. Liberalism as one of the social theories adopted for use in the sense that the beneficiaries of this fruitful course are those who care about the love for peaceful coexistence among themselves and with the community at large (Mises, p.70). Freedom declaration out of such practices on machines cause a reduction of workload on operations but can be a source of detriment to the lives of the operator s. Compromising of safety standards in the making and supporting of fascism concept is a common activity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding of Technology and Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The issue of ascertaining credibility of mechanization in terms of controlling its extremes warrants safety concerns. Attaining economic democracy due to the practice of converting the community into a capitalist arena is desirable. It enables the occupants of the target are to be workers and beneficiaries of not only as consumers. This brings about the reality of self-styled democratic society by eliminating the concept of fascism (Mises, p. 21). Using this advancement process against intended harmonization situations, can reverse when the products turn out to be destructive, on the other hand. When this happens, then one of the principles applied in safety gets violated breaking fundamental laws for normal existence (Orwell, p.207). Understanding of technology as explained by the two authors measures the extent of burden in the society. Both Orwell and Adams view the concept of mechanization as a hindrance to free existence of socialism. Instead of liberal scenario in the democratic administration of societal activities, one can decide to contribute to economic development components of a community. Accidents and erratic occurrences in the course of industrialization processes may cause mass destruction of lives and property contrary to expectations of improvement of standards. Such cases as airplane crash, highway traffic accidents and other industrial disasters are some of the detriments of technological advancements. Making choice embrace capitalism is vital for development in the economic and social outstretches of a state with shinning achievements (Schumpeter. 7). Oppression by authoritative governments embraces fascism by participating in concentration on development of self-ego at the expense of the rest. Poisonous gases, oxide leaks among other lethal chemical radicals are industrial products whose chemical components are able to have a devastating effect on the human body system. The Dynamo that formed a center stage in the life of Adam is essential in the career path and studies but much value, not as an obsession just as the Virgin with the female forces. He had appreciated his college results with limited value in the likeness of experimental results (Adams, p. 319).Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The authors, Adams and Orwell, consider development that accompanies industrialization with a recessive approach that ranges from neutrality to other extremes that enslave the mind. The idea of socialism has a strong impact over generations and will remain unchanged because of the enticing nature of the concept that governs the society (Mises, p. 23). Practicing of faith in all the endeavors is the secret for opening success doors as put across by Marxian theory. This further explains the reasons that underlie the concept of judgment of actions based on instinct in terms of success evaluation (Schumpeter, p. 13). Works Cited Adams, Henry. The Education of Henry Adams. Charleston, South Carolina: Forgotten Books, 1961. Forgotten Books. Web. Mises, Ludwig V. Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis. Auburn. Alabama: Ludwig Von Mises Institute. 2009. Print. Orwell, George. The Road to Wigan Pier. UK: Penguin Publishers. 1937. Print. Schumpeter, Joseph A. Capitalism, Socialism a nd Democracy. UK: George Allen Unwin (Publishers) Limited, 1976. Print. This essay on Understanding of Technology and Philosophy was written and submitted by user Lillianna Suarez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Confucianism in Korea Essay Example

Confucianism in Korea Essay Example Confucianism in Korea Essay Confucianism in Korea Essay Confucianism Characteristics Year of Introduction debatable. Generally assumed to be around the 4th century. Determined ethical values and social norms in modern Korea Worked as the most important and efficient system for the governing of the nation Neo-Confucian domination and Transformation of the Korean Society during the Jones Dynasty, especially after the 17th century GHz Xis Synthetically Thought as State Ideology, covering all aspects of life Philosophical Conception of man and the world: Innate oddness of man, God Fundamental Ethics The moral and political requirements 1. Three Guiding Principles (San Gang -E?) . Five Moral Relations (Www Lung Fee*) 3. Five Constant Regulations (Www Change Three Guiding Principles (San Gang _E?) 1. The Subordination of a Subject or to Ruler 2. The Subordination off Son to his Father 3. The Subordination off Wife to her Husband Have Moral Relations (www Lung 1 . 2+5: Closeness between father and 2. Righteousness between the ruler and the subject 3. *Fiji: Differentiation between husband and wife 4. Kjiff: Hierarchy between the older and the younger 5. Trust between friends Five Constant Regulations (Www Change E ¤) 5. Constant and Unchanging as natural laws, remaining the name for all time and guiding all other virtues Humaneness (E) Righteousness Propriety (lie) Wisdom (B) Faithfulness (f*) Gender Issues Three Rules for Women Women must follow their fathers, husbands and sons 7 Legitimate Reasons for Divorcing a Wife Disobedience to parents-in-law Unable to give birth to a son Unchristian Jealousy Having a serious disease Being too talkative Theft From ($k) Three Exceptions 1 . No place to return (none to depend upon) 2. Observed the three year mourning rite 3. Helped her poor husband to become rich NEE-t- ¤-, FBI*-E-, R-?-, *- ¤-, 6-*-, if a ¦. Ifs ¶Z-,  ¶-x-. It is hard to understand that a husband should divorce his wife when she could not give birth to a son and had a serious disease, for these two things are not under human control. Morality Human Nature Modernity Desire Self-Control Altruistic Community Consumption Competition Individualism silence/Lech: tool for satisfying desire Law/Order: control conflicting interests Legacy on Modern Korea 1. Ethical Values Hierarchical (kjiff) Complicated Respected Words and Expressions Authoritarianism Anti-Feminist values 2. Family-oriented Culture Emphasis on Filial Piety Book of Family Tree and Membership to the Clan Union Ancestor Ritual 3. Passion for Learning Miracle of the Han River Demagnification and Confucianism Publication The pen mightier than the sword. 4. Saving Face Culture Modern Debate on Confucianism in Two Popular Korean Books Proof. Kim Kenyon-al Proof. Choc Beyond-Chloe Confucianism is like a Still valuable for Korea fatal virus. Ancestor Rites consultants naively emphasizes ten correct practice of ancestor rites The Book of Family Ritual: commemoration of ancestors became primarily a responsibility of eldest sons Filial piety is the highest virtue quintessentially expressed in the veneration of ancestors Confined to the kinship group Confucius: Sacrifice to spirits which are not those of ones own is mere flattery. Played an indispensable role in reinforcing the cohesion of family and lineage 3 Main Ancestor Rites 1. Funeral Rites 2. The Mourning Observances 3. The Continuing Sacrifices to the Spirit of the Deceased Primarily a responsibility of eldest sons Filial piety Confined to the kinship group Reinforce the cohesion of family and lineage: a continuing sense of wholeness Though not gods, the ancestral spirits are believed to take an interest in their progeny as they did in their life time.

International organisations in global politics Essay

International organisations in global politics - Essay Example This essay discusses how the UN peacekeeping organisations have prevented conflict in the past and whether these strategies need change or improvement. The paper discusses the social, political and economic contexts with in which a successful UN peace-keeping mission can be carried out to avoid armed conflictUN peacekeeping operations are now increasingly complex and multi-dimensional, going beyond monitoring a ceasefire to actually bringing failed States back to life, often after decades of conflict. The blue helmets and their civilian colleagues work together to organize elections, enact police and judicial reform, promote and protect human rights, conduct mine-clearance, advance gender equality, achieve the voluntary disarmament of former combatants, and support the return of refugees and displaced people to their homes." Peacekeeping, as defined by the United Nations, is "a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace."1The functions of such missions are to monitor and maintain peace processes in war torn areas and help promote post war rebuilding and the enforcement of peace agreements.The post Cold war Era has seen an increase within international peace and security operations, to maintain peace within the international system ,restrict armed conflict and promote rehabilitation of war torn countries.The UN Charter empowers the UN Security Council to take collective action and to authorize peacekeeping operations' initiates and maintains most of these operations. Academics have often had been sceptic at effectiveness and success of peacekeeping missions with areas affected by civil war and armed conflict. Today the UN peacekeepers (the blue helmets) are deployed in war torn locations around the world. According to recent statistics; "As of January 1, 2004, 13 "blue helmet" missions still exist. With the full deployment of the 15,000-member Liberian stabilization force, the total number of UN peacekeepers will be just under 50,000, the biggest total since the early 1990s and an increase of some 6,000 from the same period in 2003. Actual deployed strength at the start of the year stands at 45,815 troops, military observers, and civilian police from 91 countries. They are supported by 3,241 international civilians and 6,497 local civilians. The U.S. contribution is 518 spread to seven missions-494 civilian police, 22 military observers, and two "troops" with the new Liberia peacekeeping mission. In addition, there are 12 political and peace building missions. Many observers expect that 2004 will see three new peacekeeping deployments, all in Africa: Sudan, Cote d'Ivoire, and Burundi".2 The chart portrays the number of UN missions at the end of each year since 1989. The table lists the 13 ongoing UN peacekeeping operations as of January 1, 2004. 3 Figure I: UN Peacekeeping Operations (The figure for each year is the number of operations at the end of that year. The numbers on the left indicate the number of missions.) After the end of the Cold War the international community and the UN have moved beyond the notions and practices of "traditional peacekeeping" and their presence is more and more pronounced with in civil conflicts, monitoring .They are also involved in the management and operation of peace. The UN Charter empowers the United Nations Secretary-General to dispatch personal representatives or create "offices" or missions to advise and promote good governance and national or regional stability. The deployment of "blue helmets" can be led by an experienced military commander; 4for one of the following functions